Sources for the material in the course
Section 1: Citizen Science in Five Stories
This section is based on information from multiple sources. The purpose of this section is to provide more details, in case that you would like to learn more about these issues:
Story 1 - Come Rain or Shine
Information and images were provided by the report "Volunteers for Weather, Climate and Water" by the World Meteorological Organization, report WMO-919 from 2001. Further information about the UK Met Office WOW was provided from the Met Office WOW brochure "Get Involved and join our WOW community" (2017).
Story 2 - Observing the first satellites
This section is based on Wikipedia articles about the International Geophysical Year, Fred L. Whipple. , Operation Moonshot, and Sputnik. There is another great source on Moonwatch at
Dickinson, D. 2013. Citizen Science, Old-School Style: The True Tale of Operation Moonwatch https://www.universetoday.com/100744/citizen-science-old-school-style-the-true-tale-of-operation-moonwatch/
And in a more academic version in
McCray, W. 2006. Amateur Scientists, the International Geophysical Year, and the Ambitions of Fred Whipple. Isis, 97(4), 634-658. doi:10.1086/509947
Story 3 - From buckets of resistance to balloon recording of oil spill
Sources about Louisiana Bucket Brigade are:
Mack, L. 2013. Anne Rolfes - Interview with the founder of Louisiana Bucket, MyNewOrleans.com https://www.myneworleans.com/anne-rolfes/
Stoll, S.L., 2017. 6 Ways Citizens Across the U.S. Are Using Science to Build a Better World, Yes! Magazine, Spring 2017 https://www.yesmagazine.org/issue/science/2017/02/28/6-ways-citizens-across-the-us-are-using-science-to-build-a-better-world
Louisianna Bucket Brigade, 2021. About the bucket https://labucketbrigade.org/pollution-tools-resources/the-bucket/
Wikipedia 2021. Communities for a Better Environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities_for_a_Better_Environment
POV, 2002. The Bucket Brigade. http://archive.pov.org/fenceline/the-bucket-brigade/
Public Lab, 2021. About us https://publiclab.org/about
Story 4 - Chris, Kevin, and Hanny and the Galaxies
The sources about Galaxy Zoo are:Adams, T. 2012. Galaxy Zoo and the new dawn of citizen science https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/mar/18/galaxy-zoo-crowdsourcing-citizen-scientists
Gray, R. 2017. Galaxy Zoo: Citizen science trailblazer marks tenth birthday https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-40558759
Wikipedia 2021. Galaxy Zoo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Zoo
Story 5 - Patient, heal yourself! Patients monitoring and self-management
More about Sara Riggare on her website https://www.riggare.se/about/Section 2: terminology and classification
Sources – Part A
Citizen Science
Bonney, R. (1996). Citizen science: A lab tradition. Living Bird 15(4): 7–15.
Haklay, M., Motion, A., Balázs, B., Kieslinger, B., Greshake Tzovaras, B., Nold, C., … Wehn, U. (2020, April 1). ECSA's Characteristics of Citizen Science. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758668
Haklay, M., Dörler, D., Heigl, F., Manzoni, M., Hecker, S., Vohland, K. (2021). What Is Citizen Science? The Challenges of Definition. In K. Vohland, A. Land-Zandstra, L. Ceccaroni, R. Lemmens, J. Perelló, M. Ponti, R. Samson, K. Wagenknecht (Eds.), The Science of Citizen Science (pp. 13–34). Springer. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4
Irwin, A. (1995). Citizen Science: A study of people, expertise and sustainable development. London: Routledge.
Oxford English Dictionary. (2014). Citizen science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
From citizen science to community science and back and Citizen scientists, volunteers…?
Cooper, C. B., Hawn, C. L., Larson, L. R., Parrish, J. K., Bowser, G., Cavalier,
D., Dunn, R. R., Haklay, M., Gupta, K. K., Jelks, N. O., Johnson, V. A., Katti,
M., Leggett, Z., Wilson, O. R., Wilson, S. (2021). Inclusion in citizen science: The conundrum of rebranding. Science, 372(6549), 1386-1388.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6487
Eitzel, M. V., Cappadonna, J. L., Santos-Lang, C., Duerr, R. E., Virapongse, A., West, S. E., … Jiang, Q. (2017). Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 2(1), 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.96
Haklay M., Mazumdar S., Wardlaw J. (2018) Citizen Science for Observing and Understanding the Earth. In: Mathieu PP., Aubrecht C. (eds) Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation. ISSI Scientific Report Series, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65633-5_4
Open Science
DITOs consortium, (2017). Citizen Science and Open Science: Synergies and Future Areas of Work. DITOs policy brief 3.Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10043574/
OECD (2017) ‘Making open science a reality’, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/5jrs2f963zs1-en
Vohland, K. & Göbel, C. (2017). Open Science und Citizen Science als symbiotische Beziehung?. TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis, [online] 26(1-2), p. 18-24. https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.26.1-2.18
Wikipedia (2021). Open Science. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science
Sources – Part B
This part draws heavily on the “Citizen Science Typologies” training module on Moodle that has been designed by members of the Extreme Citizen Science (ExCiteS) research group at University College London (UCL) and is available here: https://moodle.eu-citizen.science/course/view.php?id=12
Haklay M. (2013) Citizen Science and Volunteered Geographic Information: Overview and Typology of Participation. In: Sui D., Elwood S., Goodchild M. (eds) Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7
Haklay M., Mazumdar S., Wardlaw J. (2018) Citizen Science for Observing and Understanding the Earth. In: Mathieu PP., Aubrecht C. (eds) Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation. ISSI Scientific Report Series, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65633-5_4
Section 3: Challenges and Opportunities in Citizen Science
This section is based on information from multiple sources. The purpose of this section is to provide more details, in case that you would like to learn more about these issues:
Data QualitySee the section on additional information on data quality where you will find additional information.
Motivation
The main source for this section is a report by Hilary Geoghegan and her colleagues provides a comprehensive analysis of motivation within environmental citizen science.
Geoghegan, H., Dyke, A., Pateman, R., West, S. & Everett, G. (2016) Understanding motivations for citizen science. Final report on behalf of UKEOF, University of Reading, Stockholm Environment Institute (University of York) and the University of the West of England.
Benefits of participation
The sources for this section are the following:
For the report on the number of participants in the 2021 Big Garden Birdwatch, see
There are many sources about the level of education in different countries, and for the up to date statistics we used https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment
The section mentions an analysis of participation in environmental citizen science, and this is available at Pateman, R. M., Dyke, A., & West, S. E. (2021). The Diversity of Participants in Environmental Citizen Science. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice.
The section also used information from Haklay, M. (2018). Participatory citizen science. In Haklay M., Hecker S., Bowser A., Makuch Z., Vogel J., & Bonn A. (Eds.), Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy (pp. 52-62). London: UCL Press. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv550cf2.11
Section 4: Social, Economic and Political Impacts
The sources that were used for this section are:
Scientific impact